Enslaved Background Image

Suzanne Amomba Paillé

Suzanne Amomba Paillé (c. 1673—1755), was a formerly enslaved African who became one of the wealthiest women in French Guiana. Her surname is sometimes given as Paillet. The date and place of her birth are both uncertain. Before her marriage, she was an enslaved worker of François de La Motte Aigron, who freed her when she wed Jean Paillé, a soldier, master mason, and carpenter, on 29 June 1704. After his discharge, the couple remained in French Guiana and steadily built up their wealth. In 1709 their total assets were modest:  six enslaved workers, one horned animal, plantings of food crops (“milh,” manioc, and yams), and one rifle. However, by 1737, they possessed sixty-seven enslaved workers, forty-six horned animals, plantings of export crops (rocou, indigo, coffee, and cacao) as well as food crops, one sword, two rifles, and a townhouse in Cayenne, wealth which equaled that of some of the richest of the colony’s families.

The Paillés had no children, and when Jean Paillé died in 1739, Suzanne Amomba Paillé’s sizable inheritance made her the object of greed and contention. Although some men sought to gain control of her fortune by marrying her or convincing her to transfer her property to them, the colony’s administrators tried to preserve her wealth for the eventual benefit of the state by placing a guardian in control of her affairs. 

As a wealthy freedwoman of color, her status challenged the racial and gender norms of the colony and her story illustrates the increasing racism in the French Empire during the eighteenth century. The marriage proposals she received in particular resulted in a blanket ban against marriages between whites and blacks in Guiana, which was issued in December 1741. Authorities also raised the question of whether or not, as a former slave, Amomba Paillé should have the ability to dispose of her assets, citing her advanced age and “feeblemindedness.” They deprived her of the right to manage her own affairs. For her part, Amomba Paillé accused her guardian of mismanagement and, in 1742, sued for the right to control her own affairs. She also drafted a will that reflected her understanding of her ability to dispose of her own assets as she wished. In 1744 the right to control her own property was returned to her; however, her 1742 will was never probated. 

On 30 April 1748 Paillé donated her plantation and all of her assets, including fifty-five enslaved  workers, to the colony for the education of both boys and girls. Ironically, her wealth was combined with that of her former master in the support of a school in Cayenne. Though some historians have suggested that this donation was coerced, it is also possible that, thwarted in her other aims, she chose this means of asserting her will and deciding the ultimate destination of her wealth. Suzanne Amomba Paillé died on 27 January 1755 and was buried in the church of Saint-Sauveur in Cayenne. Her life demonstrated the limits and strictures that the growing racism of the eighteenth century placed on free people of color and also her will and ability to challenge those limits. 

Read the full, original biography by Barbara Traver in the The Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro-Latin American Biography.

View complete story (pdf)

Bibliography

Artur, Jacques François. Histoire des colonies françoises de la Guianne. Edited by Marie Polderman. Matoury, French Guiana: Ibis Rouge Éditions, 2002. 

 

Polderman, Marie. La Guyane française, 1676–1763: Mise en place et evolution de la société colonial, tensions et métissages. Matoury, French Guiana: Ibis Rouge Éditions, 2004.

Author

Barbara Traver

Adapted by

Jennifer Mojica Santana

Contributing Institutions

Hutchins Center for African & African American Research, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

Oxford University Press (USA) African American Studies Center.

Key Events

1673

Believed to be the year of her birth, the place is still unknown.

June 29, 1704

Amomba Paillé’s master, François de La Motte Aigron, freed her after she married Jean Paillé who was a soldier, carpenter, and master mason. After Jean Paillé’s discharge, the couple stayed in French Guiana building up their wealth.

1709

The Paillés had assets totaling to 6 enslaved workers, 1 horned animal, food crops, and 1 rifle.

1737

By this time, they possessed 67 enslaved workers, 46 horned animals, planting of both export and food crops, 1 sword, 2 rifles, and a townhouse in Cayenne, the capital of French Guiana.

1739

Jean Paillé dies, and Suzanne’s sizable inheritance made her the target of greed and contention. Men tried to gain control of her fortune through marriage or by convincing her to transfer her property; however, the colony’s administrators tried to preserve her wealth “for the eventual benefit of the state”.

1741-1744

Guiana issued a blanket ban against interracial marriages on December 1741. The following year (1742), Amomba Paillé sued for the right to control her affairs, after accusing her guardian of mismanagement. She also drafted a will, but it was never probated. In 1744, she was returned the right to control her own property.

April 39, 1748

She donated her plantation and all her assets, which included 55 enslaved workers, to the colony for the purpose of educating both boys and girls. Her wealth was combined with her former master’s for the support of a school in Cayenne. Some historians believe her decision was due to coercion, although it’s possible that she chose this by being thwarted in her other aims.

January 27, 1755

The date of Suzanne Amomba Paillé’s death. She was buried in the church of Saint-Sauveur in Cayenne.